雅思写作 Task1 地图与流程图模板：内地生赴港必背的图表高分句式
对于准备赴港读书的内地同学，雅思写作（Academic）是绕不开的一道坎。在四道 Task1 图表题（折线、柱状、表格、饼图）之外，地图题（Maps） 和 流程图（Processes） 出现的频率并不算低，却是内地学生最不熟悉的两类题型。
很多同学考前只刷数据题，一遇到地图就懵：不知道怎么描述方位变化；一遇到流程图就慌：动词搭配乱写、时态混乱、被动主动不分，最后只能勉强凑出 150 字。
本文将系统拆解这两类题的破题框架、句式模板与高频词汇，让你在考场上能像描述折线图一样从容落笔。
文章中提到的考试评分细则、题库更新等，请以雅思官方最新公布为准。
一、Task1 评分逻辑：为什么需要模板？
Task1 满分为 9 分，主要考察四项能力：
| 评分维度 | 占比侧重 | 地图 / 流程图易失分点 |
|---|---|---|
| Task Achievement（任务完成） | 高 | 漏掉方位变化、漏掉流程步骤 |
| Coherence & Cohesion（连贯与衔接） | 中 | 段内顺序混乱，缺乏空间/时间连接词 |
| Lexical Resource（词汇丰富度） | 中 | 反复使用 “go up / go down”，动词单一 |
| Grammatical Range & Accuracy（语法） | 中 | 流程图被动语态不会用，时态混乱 |
模板的意义：不是让你背死句子，而是建立”开篇—总览—分段描述—结尾”的肌肉记忆，省下构思时间，把精力留给词汇和语法。
二、地图题（Maps）破题四步法
地图题通常给出两张图（过去 vs 现在）或三张图（过去 / 现在 / 未来），要求描述变化。常见场景包括：校园改造、社区重建、城市规划、公园翻新。
第一步：开篇改写题干
不要照抄题目原文，要换说法。例如：
The two maps illustrate the changes that have taken place in a university campus between 2010 and 2020.
可改写为：
The two maps compare the layout of a university campus in 2010 with its current appearance in 2020, showing several notable transformations over the decade.
万能开篇模板：
- The two/three maps compare __ (地点) in __ (过去时间) with ___ (现在时间).
- The maps show the transformation of __ over a period of __ years.
- Below are two maps demonstrating the changes that have occurred in ___.
第二步：总览段（Overview）
地图题强制要求写总览，写出”最显著的两三个变化”，例如：
Overall, the most striking change is the disappearance of the farmland in the north, which has been replaced by residential buildings and a commercial complex. Meanwhile, the original single road running east–west has been upgraded into a dual carriageway, and several green spaces have been added along the new road.
总览常用句式：
- The most significant/noticeable change is that ___
- Another major transformation concerns __ with __。
- In general, the area has undergone dramatic/modernization/substantial changes.
第三步：分段描述方位变化
地图题最难的是空间表达。建议固定使用以下方位词：
| 方位类别 | 高频词组 |
|---|---|
| 绝对位置 | in the north/south/east/west of, in the center, in the corner |
| 相对位置 | adjacent to, opposite, next to, beside, near, behind, in front of |
| 路径描述 | running from __ to __, connecting A and B, located along ___, on the corner of |
描述”新建物”：
- A new shopping mall has been constructed/built/erected in the southeast of the area.
- A library has been added to the campus, situated opposite the teaching block.
- Residential blocks have sprung up along the river.
描述”拆除物”：
- The old bus station has been demolished/removed.
- The farmland that used to occupy the northern half has disappeared.
- The playground in the center has been replaced by a sports hall.
描述”改建 / 尺寸变化”：
- The original school has been converted/transformed/renovated into a community center.
- The car park has been enlarged/expanded/reduced in size.
- The river has been widened, while the bridge has been shortened.
第四步：结尾段（可省略）
地图题通常可以不写结尾，把省下的时间留给检查拼写与时态。如果要写，可一句收束：
In summary, the area has shifted from a largely rural landscape to a more urbanized environment, with transport infrastructure playing a central role in the transformation.
三、流程图（Process）破题三步法
流程图描述一个有起点的过程，例如：巧克力制作、太阳能发电、回收流程、申请签证步骤、产品生产链。图中常带数字标注，必须全部覆盖。
第一步：开篇 + 总览合一
流程图的总览段要写明：起点是什么，终点是什么，一共几步。
The diagram illustrates the process by which cocoa beans are turned into chocolate bars, which involves seven main stages from harvesting to packaging.
万能开篇模板：
- The flowchart/cycle/diagram shows the process of ___.
- The diagram outlines the steps involved in ___.
- Below is a description of how ___ is produced/processed/recycled.
第二步：分段描述步骤
按图中的箭头方向或顺时针 / 逆时针方向分段，每段 2–3 步。
句式 1：主动语态
First, ripe cocoa pods are harvested by hand from the trees. They are then split open and the beans are scooped out.
句式 2：被动语态（流程图更常用）
Once harvested, the beans are placed in shallow trays and left to ferment for several days.
句式 3：强调顺序与转折
At the same time / Meanwhile, the fermented beans are spread out to dry in the sun. After drying, they are packed into sacks and transported to the factory.
万能连接词清单：
| 功能 | 连接词 |
|---|---|
| 顺序 | first, then, next, after that, subsequently, finally |
| 同时 | at the same time, meanwhile, simultaneously |
| 条件 | once, as long as, provided that |
| 结果 | as a result, consequently, thereby, which leads to |
| 转折 | however, whereas, while |
第三步：结尾说明最终产物
Finally, the roasted beans are ground into a paste and mixed with sugar and milk before being poured into moulds and cooled, producing the finished chocolate bars.
四、高频动词与同义替换（地图 + 流程图通用）
背一组高频动词，可同时应对两类题：
| 普通写法 | 高分替换 |
|---|---|
| go up | rise, increase, grow, expand, extend |
| go down | decline, decrease, shrink, contract, reduce |
| 变大 | enlarge, expand, widen, broaden, lengthen |
| 变小 | narrow, shrink, reduce, shorten, decrease |
| 新建 | construct, erect, build, develop, set up |
| 拆除 | demolish, tear down, remove, knock down |
| 改造 | convert, transform, renovate, redevelop, turn __ into __ |
| 移动 | relocate, shift, move, transfer |
流程图高频动词：harvest, ferment, dry, grind, mix, pour, mould, cool, package, transport, distribute, recycle, treat, filter, purify, generate, store, supply.
五、模板实战示例
下面给出一段地图题与一段流程图的示范段落，方便对照记忆。
示例 1：地图题（校园改造）
The two maps depict the campus of a school in 2005 and its current layout in 2025.
Overall, the campus has been modernized significantly, with the old playground being replaced by a multi-purpose sports complex and several new buildings erected in the eastern section.
In the northern corner, the original farmland has disappeared and given way to a library and a teaching block. Adjacent to the library, a small café has been constructed to serve students and staff. In the south, the size of the sports field has been enlarged, while the original canteen has been converted into a student centre.
Meanwhile, the main road running east–west has been widened, and a new roundabout has been added in the center to ease traffic flow.
示例 2：流程图（瓶罐回收）
The diagram demonstrates the process by which glass bottles are recycled and turned into new products.
Overall, the process involves four main stages: collection, cleaning, sorting, and remoulding, starting with used bottles in households and ending with new glass containers in supermarkets.
First, empty bottles are collected from domestic waste and transported to a recycling plant by truck. Once they arrive, the bottles are washed with hot water and chemicals to remove labels and residue. They are then sorted by colour—clear, green, and brown—before being crushed into small cullet.
Finally, the cullet is melted in a furnace and poured into moulds to produce new bottles, which are then packaged and distributed back to retail stores.
六、备考建议与避坑清单
- 时态统一：地图题过去 vs 现在，用过去完成时 + 一般现在时；只有一张图时，用一般现在时。流程图全部用一般现在时 + 被动语态。
- 字数控制：两类题都建议写 170–190 字，不要超过 200 字，否则容易出现拼写与逻辑错误。
- 段内顺序固定：地图用”空间顺序”（顺时针 / 由北向南）；流程用”时间顺序”（从头到尾）。
- 不要遗漏数字：流程图里出现的百分比、温度、年限都是得分点，必须写进文章。
- 不要写主观判断：地图和流程图都是客观描述，禁止出现 “I think / it is good / beautiful” 等主观评价。
- 模板要”软背”：把模板拆成”开篇—总览—分段—可选结尾”四块，每次练习随机重组，避免考场上一字不差地抄写。
- 练习频率：建议考前 2 周，每天精写 1 篇地图或流程图，写完对照范文修改动词和连接词。
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常见问答
地图题和流程图在雅思写作 Task1 中出现的频率高吗？需要重点准备吗？
文章指出，地图题与流程图在四类图表题中出现频率不算低，却是内地学生最不熟悉的两类，平时缺乏针对性练习的考生在考场上往往措手不及，因此建议在备考中单独抽出时间系统准备，与折线、柱状、表格、饼图等数据图并行复习。
地图题和流程图的字数、时间分配有什么建议？
文章建议两类题的字数都控制在 170–190 字之间，不宜超过 200 字，否则容易在拼写和逻辑上出现失误。整体用时方面，文章开头提到目标是让考生在 20 分钟内完成 Task1，以便为 Task2 留出充足时间。
流程图是不是一定要全程用被动语态？
文章给出的句式分为主动与被动两类，并明确说明”被动语态（流程图更常用）”，例如 harvested by hand、are placed in shallow trays、are spread out to dry 等；同时也保留了主动语态的写法，例如 First, ripe cocoa pods are harvested by hand from the pods. They are then split open…，考生可根据图示主体灵活切换，但需保持时态统一为一般现在时。
地图题必须写结尾段吗？开篇和总览段怎么区分？
文章指出，地图题”强制要求”写总览段，用以概括最显著的两到三处变化；结尾段则”通常可以不写”，把省下的时间留给拼写与时态检查。开篇主要负责改写题干并引出地图，例如 The two maps compare the layout of…，总览段则需点出最显著变化，如 farmland 被住宅楼与商业综合体取代等关键信息。
高分模板可以整段背诵直接搬到考场上吗？
文章明确反对”硬背”，强调模板要”软背”，即把结构拆成”开篇—总览—分段—可选结尾”四块，每次练习时随机重组。文章同时提醒，不要在考场上出现与范文一字不差的整段抄写，否则容易被判定为模板化而影响 Task Achievement 与 Lexical Resource 的得分，具体评分细则请以雅思官方最新公布为准。